Gilbert White

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Gilbert White
Gilbert White.jpg
This 'portrait' is now generally regarded as inauthentic.
Born (1720-07-18)18 July 1720
Selborne, Hampshire
Died 26 June 1793(1793-06-26) (aged 72)
Selborne, Hampshire
Nationality English
Fields
Alma mater Oriel College, Oxford
Known for Natural History of Selborne
Influences 'Physico-theology' of John Ray, William Derham
Author abbreviation (botany) G.White

Gilbert White FRS (18 July 1720 – 26 June 1793) was a "parson-naturalist", a pioneering English naturalist and ornithologist. He remained unmarried and a curate all his life. He is best known for his pioneering Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne.

Contents

Life

Gilbert White's house, The Wakes, now a museum, viewed from the back gardens, taken in September 2010.

White was born in his grandfather's vicarage at Selborne in Hampshire. He was educated at the Holy Ghost School 1 and by a private tutor in Basingstoke before going to Oriel College, Oxford. He obtained his deacon's orders in 1746, being fully ordained in 1749, and subsequently held several curacies in Hampshire and Wiltshire, including Selborne's neighbouring parishes of Newton Valence and Farringdon, as well as Selborne itself on four separate occasions. In 1752/53 White held the office of Junior Proctor at Oxford and was Dean of Oriel. In 1757 he became non-resident perpetual curate of Moreton Pinkney in Northamptonshire. After the death of his father in 1758, White moved back into the family home at The Wakes in Selborne, which he eventually inherited in 1763. In 1784 he became curate of Selborne for the fourth time, remaining so until his death. Having studied at the more prestigious Oriel, at the behest of his uncle, he was ineligible to be considered for the permanent living of Selborne, which was in the gift of Magdalen College.

The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne

Main article: The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne

White is best known for his The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne (1789). This is presented as a compilation of his letters to Thomas Pennant, the leading British zoologist of the day, and the Hon. Daines Barrington, an English barrister and another Fellow of the Royal Society, though a number of the 'letters' such as the first were never posted, and were written especially for the book.2 These letters contained White's discoveries about local birds, animals and plants. He believed in distinguishing birds by observation rather than by collecting specimens, and was thus one of the first people to separate the similar-looking Common Chiffchaff, Willow Warbler and Wood Warbler by means of their song.

White is regarded by many as England's first ecologist and one of the founders of modern respect for nature.3 He said of the earthworm:4

Earthworms, though in appearance a small and despicable link in the chain of nature, yet, if lost, would make a lamentable chasm. [...] worms seem to be the great promoters of vegetation, which would proceed but lamely without them...

White and William Markwick collected records of the dates of emergence of more than 400 plant and animal species, White recording in Hampshire and Markwick in Sussex between 1768 and 1793. These data, summarised in The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne as the earliest and latest dates for each event over the 25-year period, are among the earliest examples of modern phenology. His 1783–84 diary corroborates the dramatic climatic impacts of the volcanic 'Laki haze' that spread from Iceland with lethal consequences across Europe.

White's frequent accounts of a tortoise inherited from his aunt in The Natural History and Antiquities of Selborne form the basis for Verlyn Klinkenborg's book, Timothy; or, Notes of an Abject Reptile (2006), as well as for Sylvia Townsend Warner's The Portrait of a Tortoise (1946).

Gilbert White's famous work has been continuously in print since its first publication and is one of the most frequently published books in the English language; it is available online from the Gutenberg Project.5 The paperback edition of The Illustrated Natural History of Selborne was last reprinted by Thames & Hudson in 2007. It was long held to be the fourth-most published book in the English language after the Bible, the works of Shakespeare, and John Bunyan’s The Pilgrim’s Progress.6

Gilbert White's sister Anne was married to Thomas Barker (1722-1809),7 called 'The father of meteorology', and Gilbert maintained a correspondence with his nephew Samuel Barker, who also kept a naturalist's journal.8

  • White, Gilbert 1795. A Naturalist's Calendar, with observations in various branches of natural history, extracted from the papers of the late Rev. Gilbert White of Selborne, Hampshire, Senior Fellow of Oriel College, Oxford. Never before published. London: printed for B. and J. White, Horace's Head, Fleet Street. This posthumous collection of previously unpublished material was put together by J. Aikin.

Commemoration

Gilbert's Games, held annually at The Wakes

The White family house in Selborne, The Wakes, now contains the Gilbert White Museum, as well as the Oates Memorial Museum, commemorating Frank and Lawrence Oates. Each summer it puts on "Gilbert's Games" where visitors can try a range of traditional countryside activities.

The Selborne Society was founded in 1895 to perpetuate the memory of Gilbert White. It purchased land at Perivale in West London to create the first Bird Sanctuary in Britain, known as Perivale Wood. In the 1970s, Perivale Wood became a Local Nature Reserve. This was designated by Ealing Borough Council under the National Parks and Access to the Countryside Act 1949. It was at the instigation of small group of young naturalists led by Edward Dawson, with the support of Andrew Duff, Peter Edwards and Kevin Roberts.

The Gilbert White Fellowship was founded in 1932 by Winifred Boyd Watt, a historian and naturalist. It was based at Oxford, but was unable to gain continued financial sponsorship. Suggestions to revive it have been made in 2010 as part of the Selborne Society's Gilbert White Memorial Library relocation.

White is quoted by Merlyn in The Once and Future King by T.H. White.

A biography of White by Richard Mabey6 was published by Century Hutchinson in 1986, and won the Whitbread Biography of the Year award.

A documentary about White, presented by historian Michael Wood, was broadcast by BBC Four in 2006.910

He is commemorated in the inscription on the heaviest of eight bells installed in 2009 at Holybourne, Hampshire.

The standard author abbreviation G.White is used to indicate this individual as the author when citing a botanical name.11

References

  1. ^ Baigent & Millard 1889, p. 161.
  2. ^ Armstrong, Patrick (2000). The English Parson-Naturalist. Gracewing. p. 83. "An obvious example is the first, nominally to Thomas Pennant, but which is clearly contrived, as it introduces the parish..." 
  3. ^ Hazell, D.L., Heinsohn, R.G. and Lindenmayer, D.B. 2005. Ecology. pp. 97-112 in R.Q. Grafton, L. Robin and R.J. Wasson (eds.), Understanding ((the)) Environment: Bridging ((the)) Disciplinary Divides. Sydney, NSW: University of New South Wales Press, (p. 99).
  4. ^ Letter LXVII (1777)
  5. ^ Project Gutenberg edition of The Natural History of Selborne
  6. ^ a b Mabey, Richard (1986). Gilbert White: A biography of the author of The Natural History of Selborne. Profile Books. ISBN 1-86197-807-3. 
  7. ^ H. A. Evans, Highways and Byways in Northampton & Rutland, Pocket edition (Macmillan & Co, London 1924), 161-62.
  8. ^ See 'Literary and Scientific Intelligence', Gentleman's Magazine Vol 5, 1835, 289-90 read here
  9. ^ Gilbert White, the Nature Man at the Internet Movie Database
  10. ^ "Gilbert White, The Nature Man". Maya Vision International. 2006. Retrieved January 25, 2012. 
  11. ^ "Author Query for 'G.White'". International Plant Names Index. 

Sources

External links

Wikisource has the text of a 1921 Collier's Encyclopedia article about Gilbert White.
Authority control